reference/info/functions/assert.xml
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<refentry xml:id="function.assert" xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
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<refnamediv>
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<refname>assert</refname>
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<refpurpose>Checks if assertion is &false;</refpurpose>
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<refpurpose>Checks an assertion</refpurpose>
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</refnamediv>
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<refsect1 role="description">
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&reftitle.description;
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<para>PHP 5</para>
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<methodsynopsis>
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<type>bool</type><methodname>assert</methodname>
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<methodparam><type>mixed</type><parameter>assertion</parameter></methodparam>
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<methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>description</parameter></methodparam>
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</methodsynopsis>
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<para>PHP 7</para>
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<methodsynopsis>
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<type>bool</type><methodname>assert</methodname>
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<methodparam><type>mixed</type><parameter>assertion</parameter></methodparam>
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<methodparam choice="opt"><type>Throwable</type><parameter>exception</parameter></methodparam>
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<methodparam choice="opt"><type class="union"><type>Throwable</type><type>string</type><type>null</type></type><parameter>description</parameter><initializer>&null;</initializer></methodparam>
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</methodsynopsis>
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<para>
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<function>assert</function> will check the given
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<parameter>assertion</parameter> and take appropriate action if
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its result is &false;.
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<function>assert</function>
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allows for the definition of expectations: assertions that take effect
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in development and testing environments, but are optimised away to have
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zero cost in production.
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</para>
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<para>
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Assertions should be used as a debugging feature only.
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One use case for them is to act as sanity-checks for preconditions
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that should always be &true; and that if they aren't upheld this indicates
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some programming errors.
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Another use case is to ensure the presence of certain features like
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extension functions or certain system limits and features.
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</para>
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<para>
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As assertions can be configured to be eliminated, they should
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<emphasis>not</emphasis> be used for normal runtime operations like
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input parameter checks. As a rule of thumb code should behave as expected
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even if assertion checking is deactivated.
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</para>
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<refsect2>
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<title>Traditional assertions (PHP 5 and 7)</title>
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<para>
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If the <parameter>assertion</parameter> is given as a string it
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will be evaluated as PHP code by <function>assert</function>.
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The advantages of a string <parameter>assertion</parameter> are
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less overhead when assertion checking is off and messages
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containing the <parameter>assertion</parameter> expression when
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an assertion fails. This means that if you pass a boolean condition
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as <parameter>assertion</parameter> this condition will not show up as
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parameter to the assertion function which you may have defined with the
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<function>assert_options</function> function, the condition is converted
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to a string before calling that handler function, and the boolean &false;
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is converted as the empty string.
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</para>
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<para>
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Assertions should be used as a debugging feature only. You may
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use them for sanity-checks that test for conditions that should
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always be &true; and that indicate some programming errors if not
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or to check for the presence of certain features like extension
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functions or certain system limits and features.
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</para>
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<para>
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Assertions should not be used for normal runtime operations like
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input parameter checks. As a rule of thumb your code should
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always be able to work correctly if assertion checking is not
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activated.
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</para>
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<para>
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The behavior of <function>assert</function> may be configured by
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<function>assert_options</function> or by .ini-settings described
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in that functions manual page.
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</para>
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<para>
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The <function>assert_options</function> function and/or
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<constant>ASSERT_CALLBACK</constant> configuration directive allow a
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callback function to be set to handle failed assertions.
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</para>
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<para>
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<function>assert</function> callbacks are particularly useful for
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building automated test suites because they allow you to easily
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capture the code passed to the assertion, along with information
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on where the assertion was made. While this information can be
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captured via other methods, using assertions makes it much faster
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and easier!
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</para>
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<para>
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The callback function should accept three arguments. The first
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argument will contain the file the assertion failed in. The
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second argument will contain the line the assertion failed on and
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the third argument will contain the expression that failed (if
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any — literal values such as 1 or "two" will not be passed via
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this argument). Users of PHP 5.4.8 and later may also provide a fourth
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optional argument, which will contain the
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<parameter>description</parameter> given to <function>assert</function>, if
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it was set.
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</para>
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</refsect2>
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<refsect2 xml:id="function.assert.expectations">
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<title>Expectations (PHP 7 only)</title>
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<para>
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<function>assert</function> is a language construct in PHP 7, allowing for
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the definition of expectations: assertions that take effect in development
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and testing environments, but are optimised away to have zero cost in
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production.
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</para>
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<para>
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While <function>assert_options</function> can still be used to control
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behaviour as described above for backward compatibility reasons, PHP 7
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only code should use the two new configuration directives to control
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the behaviour of <function>assert</function> and not call
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<function>assert_options</function>.
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</para>
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<para>
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<function>assert</function> will check that the expectation given in
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<parameter>assertion</parameter> holds.
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If not, and thus the result is &false;, it will take the appropriate action
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depending on how <function>assert</function> was configured.
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</para>
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<para>
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The behaviour of <function>assert</function> is dictated by the
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following INI settings:
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<table>
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<title>
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PHP 7 configuration directives for <function>assert</function>
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</title>
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<tgroup cols="3">
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<title>Assert &ConfigureOptions;</title>
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<tgroup cols="4">
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<thead>
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<row>
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<entry>Directive</entry>
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<entry>Default value</entry>
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<entry>Possible values</entry>
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<entry>&Name;</entry>
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<entry>&Default;</entry>
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<entry>&Description;</entry>
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<entry>&Changelog;</entry>
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</row>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<row>
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<entry>
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<link linkend="ini.zend.assertions">zend.assertions</link>
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</entry>
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<entry><link linkend="ini.zend.assertions">zend.assertions</link></entry>
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<entry><literal>1</literal></entry>
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<entry>
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<simplelist>
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</member>
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</simplelist>
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</entry>
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<entry/>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><link linkend="ini.assert.active">assert.active</link></entry>
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<entry>&true;</entry>
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<entry>
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If &false;, <function>assert</function> does not check the expectation
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and returns &true;, unconditionally.
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</entry>
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<entry>
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Deprecated as of PHP 8.3.0.
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><link linkend="ini.assert.callback">assert.callback</link></entry>
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<entry>&null;</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>
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A user defined function to call when an assertion fails.
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It's signature should be:
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<methodsynopsis role="procedural">
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<type>void</type><methodname>assert_callback</methodname>
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<methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>file</parameter></methodparam>
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<methodparam><type>int</type><parameter>line</parameter></methodparam>
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<methodparam><type>null</type><parameter>assertion</parameter></methodparam>
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<methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>description</parameter></methodparam>
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</methodsynopsis>
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</para>
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</entry>
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<entry>
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<para>
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Prior to PHP 8.0.0, the signature of the callback should be:
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<methodsynopsis role="procedural">
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<type>void</type><methodname>assert_callback</methodname>
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<methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>file</parameter></methodparam>
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<methodparam><type>int</type><parameter>line</parameter></methodparam>
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<methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>assertion</parameter></methodparam>
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<methodparam choice="opt"><type>string</type><parameter>description</parameter></methodparam>
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</methodsynopsis>
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</para>
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<simpara>
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Deprecated as of PHP 8.3.0.
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</simpara>
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><link linkend="ini.assert.exception">assert.exception</link></entry>
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<entry>&true;</entry>
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<entry>
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If &true; will throw an <classname>AssertionError</classname> if the
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expectation isn't upheld.
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</entry>
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<entry>
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Deprecated as of PHP 8.3.0.
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><link linkend="ini.assert.bail">assert.bail</link></entry>
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<entry>&false;</entry>
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<entry>
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If &true; will abort execution of the PHP script if the
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expectation isn't upheld.
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</entry>
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<entry>
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Deprecated as of PHP 8.3.0.
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry><link linkend="ini.assert.warning">assert.warning</link></entry>
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<entry>&true;</entry>
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<entry>
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If &true;, will emit an <constant>E_WARNING</constant> if the
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expectation isn't upheld. This INI setting is ineffective if
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<link linkend="ini.assert.exception">assert.exception</link>
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is enabled.
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</entry>
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<entry><literal>0</literal></entry>
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<entry>
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<simplelist>
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<member>
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<literal>1</literal>: throw when the assertion fails, either by
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throwing the object provided as the <parameter>exception</parameter>
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or by throwing a new <classname>AssertionError</classname> object if
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<parameter>exception</parameter> wasn't provided
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</member>
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<member>
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<literal>0</literal>: use or generate a
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<classname>Throwable</classname> as described above, but only
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generate a warning based on that object rather than throwing it
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(compatible with PHP 5 behaviour)
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</member>
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</simplelist>
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Deprecated as of PHP 8.3.0.
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</entry>
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</row>
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</tbody>
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</tgroup>
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</table>
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</refsect2>
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</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1 role="parameters">
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<term><parameter>assertion</parameter></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The assertion. In PHP 5, this must be either a <type>string</type> to
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be evaluated or a <type>boolean</type> to be tested. In PHP 7, this may
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also be any expression that returns a value, which will be executed and
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the result used to indicate whether the assertion succeeded or failed.
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This is any expression that returns a value, which will be executed
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and the result is used to indicate whether the assertion succeeded or failed.
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</para>
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<warning>
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<para>
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Prior to PHP 8.0.0, if <parameter>assertion</parameter> was a
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<type>string</type> it was interpreted as PHP code and executed via
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<function>eval</function>.
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This string would be passed to the callback as the third argument.
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This behaviour was <emphasis>DEPRECATED</emphasis> in PHP 7.2.0,
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and <emphasis>REMOVED</emphasis> in PHP 8.0.0.
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</para>
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</warning>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><parameter>description</parameter></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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If <parameter>description</parameter> is an instance of
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<classname>Throwable</classname>, it will be thrown only if the
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<parameter>assertion</parameter> is executed and fails.
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<note>
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<para>
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As of PHP 8.0.0, this is done <emphasis>prior</emphasis> to calling
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the potentially defined assertion callback.
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</para>
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</note>
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<note>
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<para>
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As of PHP 8.0.0, the &object; will be thrown regardless of the configuration of
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<link linkend="ini.assert.exception">assert.exception</link>.
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</para>
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</note>
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<note>
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<para>
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As of PHP 8.0.0, the
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<link linkend="ini.assert.bail">assert.bail</link>
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setting has no effect in this case.
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</para>
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</note>
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</para>
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<para>
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If <parameter>description</parameter> is a &string; this message
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will be used if an exception or a warning is emitted.
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An optional description that will be included in the failure message if
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the <parameter>assertion</parameter> fails.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><parameter>exception</parameter></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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In PHP 7, the second parameter can be a
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<classname>Throwable</classname> object instead of a descriptive
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<type>string</type>, in which case this is the object that will be
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thrown if the assertion fails and the
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<link linkend="ini.assert.exception">assert.exception</link>
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configuration directive is enabled.
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If <parameter>description</parameter> is omitted.
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<!-- This does not happen if &null; is passed ... -->
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A default description equal to the source code for the invocation of
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<function>assert</function> is created at compile time.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<refsect1 role="returnvalues">
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&reftitle.returnvalues;
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<para>
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&false; if the assertion is false, &true; otherwise.
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<function>assert</function> will always return &true; if at least one of the following is true:
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</para>
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<simplelist>
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<member><literal>zend.assertions=0</literal></member>
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<member><literal>zend.assertions=-1</literal></member>
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<member><literal>assert.exception=1</literal></member>
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<member><literal>assert.bail=1</literal></member>
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<member>A custom exception object is passed to <parameter>description</parameter>.</member>
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</simplelist>
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<para>
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If none of the conditions are true <function>assert</function> will return &true; if
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<parameter>assertion</parameter> is truthy and &false; otherwise.
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</para>
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</refsect1>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<row>
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<entry>7.0.0</entry>
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<entry>8.3.0</entry>
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<entry>
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All <literal>assert.</literal> INI settings have been deprecated.
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>8.0.0</entry>
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<entry>
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<function>assert</function> will no longer evaluate string arguments, instead they will be
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treated like any other argument. <code>assert($a == $b)</code> should be used instead of
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<code>assert('$a == $b')</code>. The <literal>assert.quiet_eval</literal> &php.ini; directive and
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the <constant>ASSERT_QUIET_EVAL</constant> constant have also been removed, as they would no longer
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have any effect.
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>8.0.0</entry>
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<entry>
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If <parameter>description</parameter> is an instance of
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<classname>Throwable</classname>, the object is thrown if the assertion
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fails, regardless of the value of
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<link linkend="ini.assert.exception">assert.exception</link>.
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>8.0.0</entry>
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<entry>
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If <parameter>description</parameter> is an instance of
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<classname>Throwable</classname>, no user callback is called even
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if it set.
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>8.0.0</entry>
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<entry>
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Declaring a function called <literal>assert()</literal> inside a namespace is
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no longer allowed, and issues <constant>E_COMPILE_ERROR</constant>.
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>7.3.0</entry>
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<entry>
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<function>assert</function> is now a language construct and not a
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function. <function>assertion</function> can now be an expression.
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The second parameter is now interpreted either as an
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<parameter>exception</parameter> (if a
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<classname>Throwable</classname> object is given), or as the
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<parameter>description</parameter> supported from PHP 5.4.8 onwards.
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Declaring a function called <literal>assert()</literal> inside a namespace
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became deprecated. Such declaration now emits an <constant>E_DEPRECATED</constant>.
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</entry>
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>5.4.8</entry>
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<entry>7.2.0</entry>
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<entry>
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The <parameter>description</parameter> parameter was added. The
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<parameter>description</parameter> is also now provided to a callback
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function in <constant>ASSERT_CALLBACK</constant> mode as the fourth
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argument.
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Usage of a <type>string</type> as the <parameter>assertion</parameter>
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became deprecated. It now emits an <constant>E_DEPRECATED</constant>
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notice when both <link linkend="ini.assert.active">assert.active</link>
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and <link linkend="ini.zend.assertions">zend.assertions</link> are set
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to <literal>1</literal>.
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</entry>
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</row>
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</tbody>
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<refsect1 role="examples">
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&reftitle.examples;
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<refsect2>
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<title>Traditional assertions (PHP 5 and 7)</title>
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<para>
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<example>
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<title>Handle a failed assertion with a custom handler</title>
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<programlisting role="php">
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<![CDATA[
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<?php
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// Active assert and make it quiet
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assert_options(ASSERT_ACTIVE, 1);
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assert_options(ASSERT_WARNING, 0);
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assert_options(ASSERT_QUIET_EVAL, 1);
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// Create a handler function
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function my_assert_handler($file, $line, $code)
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{
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echo "<hr>Assertion Failed:
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File '$file'<br />
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Line '$line'<br />
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Code '$code'<br /><hr />";
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}
271
-
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// Set up the callback
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assert_options(ASSERT_CALLBACK, 'my_assert_handler');
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// Make an assertion that should fail
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assert('mysql_query("")');
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?>
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]]>
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</programlisting>
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</example>
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</para>
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<para>
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<example>
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<title>Using a custom handler to print a description</title>
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<programlisting role="php">
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<![CDATA[
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<?php
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// Active assert and make it quiet
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assert_options(ASSERT_ACTIVE, 1);
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assert_options(ASSERT_WARNING, 0);
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assert_options(ASSERT_QUIET_EVAL, 1);
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// Create a handler function
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function my_assert_handler($file, $line, $code, $desc = null)
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{
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echo "Assertion failed at $file:$line: $code";
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if ($desc) {
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echo ": $desc";
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}
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echo "\n";
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}
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-
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// Set up the callback
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assert_options(ASSERT_CALLBACK, 'my_assert_handler');
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-
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// Make an assertion that should fail
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assert('2 < 1');
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assert('2 < 1', 'Two is less than one');
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?>
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]]>
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</programlisting>
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&example.outputs;
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<screen>
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<![CDATA[
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Assertion failed at test.php:21: 2 < 1
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Assertion failed at test.php:22: 2 < 1: Two is less than one
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]]>
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</screen>
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</example>
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</para>
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</refsect2>
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<refsect2>
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<title>Expectations (PHP 7 only)</title>
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<example>
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<title>Expectations without a custom exception</title>
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<title><function>assert</function> example</title>
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<programlisting role="php">
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<![CDATA[
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<?php
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assert(true == false);
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assert(1 > 2);
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echo 'Hi!';
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?>
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]]>
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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-
With <link linkend="ini.zend.assertions">zend.assertions</link> set to 0,
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If assertions are enabled (<link linkend="ini.zend.assertions"><literal>zend.assertions=1</literal></link>)
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the above example will output:
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</para>
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<screen>
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<![CDATA[
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-
Hi!
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Fatal error: Uncaught AssertionError: assert(1 > 2) in example.php:2
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Stack trace:
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#0 example.php(2): assert(false, 'assert(1 > 2)')
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+
#1 {main}
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+
thrown in example.php on line 2
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]]>
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</screen>
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<para>
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With <link linkend="ini.zend.assertions">zend.assertions</link> set to 1
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-
and <link linkend="ini.assert.exception">assert.exception</link> set to 0,
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If assertions are disabled (<literal>zend.assertions=0</literal> or <literal>zend.assertions=-1</literal>)
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the above example will output:
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</para>
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<screen>
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<![CDATA[
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-
Warning: assert(): assert(true == false) failed in - on line 2
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Hi!
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]]>
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</screen>
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+
</example>
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<example>
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<title>Using a custom message</title>
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+
<programlisting role="php">
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+
<![CDATA[
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+
<?php
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assert(1 > 2, "Expected one to be greater than two");
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echo 'Hi!';
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+
]]>
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+
</programlisting>
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<para>
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-
With <link linkend="ini.zend.assertions">zend.assertions</link> set to 1
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-
and <link linkend="ini.assert.exception">assert.exception</link> set to 1,
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-
the above example will output:
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+
If assertions are enabled the above example will output:
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</para>
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<screen>
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<![CDATA[
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-
Fatal error: Uncaught AssertionError: assert(true == false) in -:2
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+
Fatal error: Uncaught AssertionError: Expected one to be greater than two in example.php:2
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Stack trace:
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#0 -(2): assert(false, 'assert(true == ...')
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#0 example.php(2): assert(false, 'Expected one to...')
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#1 {main}
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-
thrown in - on line 2
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+
thrown in example.php on line 2
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+
]]>
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+
</screen>
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+
<para>
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+
If assertions are disabled the above example will output:
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+
</para>
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+
<screen>
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+
<![CDATA[
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+
Hi!
366
384
]]>
367
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</screen>
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</example>
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<example>
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-
<title>Expectations with a custom exception</title>
388
+
<title>Using a custom exception class</title>
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389
<programlisting role="php">
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390
<![CDATA[
373
391
<?php
374
-
class CustomError extends AssertionError {}
392
+
class ArithmeticAssertionError extends AssertionError {}
375
393
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-
assert(true == false, new CustomError('True is not false!'));
394
+
assert(1 > 2, new ArithmeticAssertionError("Expected one to be greater than two"));
377
395
echo 'Hi!';
378
-
?>
379
396
]]>
380
397
</programlisting>
381
398
<para>
382
-
With <link linkend="ini.zend.assertions">zend.assertions</link> set to 0,
383
-
the above example will output:
384
-
</para>
385
-
<screen>
386
-
<![CDATA[
387
-
Hi!
388
-
]]>
389
-
</screen>
390
-
<para>
391
-
With <link linkend="ini.zend.assertions">zend.assertions</link> set to 1
392
-
and <link linkend="ini.assert.exception">assert.exception</link> set to 0,
393
-
the above example will output:
399
+
If assertions are enabled the above example will output:
394
400
</para>
395
401
<screen>
396
402
<![CDATA[
397
-
Warning: assert(): CustomError: True is not false! in -:4
403
+
Fatal error: Uncaught ArithmeticAssertionError: Expected one to be greater than two in example.php:4
398
404
Stack trace:
399
-
#0 {main} failed in - on line 4
400
-
Hi!
405
+
#0 {main}
406
+
thrown in example.php on line 4
401
407
]]>
402
408
</screen>
403
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<para>
404
-
With <link linkend="ini.zend.assertions">zend.assertions</link> set to 1
405
-
and <link linkend="ini.assert.exception">assert.exception</link> set to 1,
406
-
the above example will output:
410
+
If assertions are disabled the above example will output:
407
411
</para>
408
412
<screen>
409
413
<![CDATA[
410
-
Fatal error: Uncaught CustomError: True is not false! in -:4
411
-
Stack trace:
412
-
#0 {main}
413
-
thrown in - on line 4
414
+
Hi!
414
415
]]>
415
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</screen>
416
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</example>
417
-
</refsect2>
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</refsect1>
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419
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<refsect1 role="seealso">
...
...
@@ -427,7 +427,6 @@ Stack trace:
427
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</refsect1>
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</refentry>
430
-
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<!-- Keep this comment at the end of the file
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Local variables:
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mode: sgml
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